No you can't. I did see posted somewhere you can drop a sattelite on an uncolonized planet to prevent anyone else from doing so. I have not tryed this.
The first chance you get trade with another player for their Collonization tech.
(So close yet so far away)
Or, just do the necessary research for the type of planet in question.
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All that is gold does not glitter,
Not all those who wander are lost;
The old that is strong does not wither,
Deep roots are not reached by the frost.